Adjective colors, used in calico printing,
190.
Admission of cold air,
308,
311,
314.
Adventitious color, in painting,
226.
Aerostation, invention of,
78.
Agriculture in Egypt,
34.
Agrigentum, temple at,
278.
Agrippa, dome built by,
262.
Air, in the calcination of argillaceous cements,
94,
note.
Fire in the open,
307.
Admission of cold,
308,
311,
314.
Air-flues, heating by,
318.
Alburnum, or sap wood,
101.
Alexandria, the Pharos at,
342.
Alhazen, an Arabian philosopher,
72.
Wrote on optical subjects,
74.
Alphabet, arrow-headed,
195.
See Letters.
Amphiprostyle temples,
275.
Amphitheatre, the Roman,
60,
285.
Ancarville, M.D', on the Indian subterraneous caverns,
50.
Ancients and moderns, compared, as to the arts and sciences,
14.
Animal kingdom, materials from the, used in the arts,
115;
skins,
115;
hair and fur,
115;
quills and feathers,
116;
wool,
116;
silk,
117;
bone and ivory,
117;
shell,
117;
horn,
118;
tortoise shell,
118;
whalebone,
118;
glue,
118;
oil,
119;
wax,
119;
phosphorus,
119.
Animal textures, preservation of,
140.
Animals, bulk of,
126.
Preservation of,
132,
133,
145.
Antae, temples with,
275.
Anthracite coal,
100,
304.
Antimony, properties and uses of,
99,
200.
Antoninus, the column of,
60.
Temple of, and of Faustina,
268,
287.
Apelles, a Grecian painter,
58.
Apollo de Belvidere,
84,
249.
Apollo Didymaeus, façade of the temple of,
282.
Appert, his process of preserving food,
146.
Application of colors,
170.
Aquatinta, engraving in,
234.
Aqueducts, of Rome,
61,
285.
Leaden,
96.
Arabia Petraea, ruins in,
71.
Arabians, arts of the,
71.
Araestyle intercolumniation,
277,
note.
Araeo-systile,
290,
note.
Arago, M., his description of the discovery of the Daguerreotype,
179.
Speculations by,
180.
Arches, triumphal, of the Romans,
60,
285.
Different kinds of,
256.
Of Theseus,
288.
Triumphal, of Constantine,
289.
Of Trajan,
290.
Architectural moulds,
246,
247.
Architecture, among the Egyptians,
23,
269.
Hindoo,
50,
271.
Persian,
52.
Hebrew,
54.
Grecian,
57,
272.
Doric Order in,
57,
272.
Ionic,
58,
273.
Corinthian,
58,
274,
285.
Roman,
59,
284.
Composite Order in,
59,
284.
Chinese,
69,
271.
Revival of,
72.
Saracenic,
72,
292.
Gothic,
72,
263,
301.
Meaning of, and origin of styles in,
252.
Details respecting,
252.
Greco-Gothic,
263,
292,
300.
Definitions in,
266.
Mouldings in,
268.
See Buildings, Houses, and Orders of Architecture.
Architrave of the entablature,
267.
Argillaceous rocks, cements from,
92,
94,
note.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, invention by,
77.
Arnott's thermometer stove,
317.
Arrangement of letters,
194.
Arrow-headed alphabet,
195.
Arsenical soap of Becoeur,
145,
note.
Artists, scientific and empirical,
14.
Arts, application of the word,
13.
Connexion of, with the sciences,
13;
their comparative connexion, in ancient times and modern,
14.
Application of philosophy to the, among the moderns,
16.
First steps in the,
21.
Of the Egyptians,
22.
Of the Assyrians,
48.
Of the Hindoos,
50.
Of the Persians,
52.
Of the Hebrews,
54.
Of the Grecians,
56.
Of the Romans,
58.
Of the Chinese,
68.
Of the Arabians,
71.
Of the Middle Ages,
72.
Of modern times,
74.
Of the nineteenth century,
80.
Asbestos, properties and uses of,
91.
Ash, properties and uses of,
103.
Association of light and shade in chiaro oscuro,
220.
Assyrians, arts of the,
48.
Athens, besieged by Venetians,
281.
Atmospheric engine, invented, by Newcomen,
79.
Attic, definition of,
268.
Attrition of materials,
152.
Augustan Age, architecture of the,
59.
Augustus, edifices built in the reign of,
59.
Automaton lamp, Porter's,
336.
Azure, see Ultramarine
Baal, supposed to be the statue of Belus,
49.
Babylon, built by Belus,
48.
Account of,
49.
Completion of the walls of,
49.
Walls and hanging gardens of,
50.
Ruins of,
50.
Baccius, Andrew, on the Thermae
of Diocletian,
62.
Bacon-, Roger, his knowledge of
optical instruments,
76.
Badigeon, distemper in,
171.
Bagisthan, Mount, sculptured into
statues,
50.
Bais, Bay of, resort to the, by the
ancient Romans,
93.
Balbec,
285. Circular temple at,
290.
Bank of the United States,
264.
Bark, remarks on,
102. A writing
material,
195.
Bars, see Beams.
Basilica of the Romans,
285.
Basswood, properties and uses of,
104.
Baths, description of the Roman,
62,
285.
Beams, compression of,
122. Lateral
strain of,
123. Stiffness
of,
123. Hollow,
124. Strength
of,
124. Place of strain in,
125.
Incipient fracture in,
125. Practical
remarks on, with illustrations,
126. Tie,
264. Sagging,
265. Splicing,
265.
Beckman, cited on chimneys and
dwellings previously to the reign
of Elizabeth,
74.
Becoeur, arsenical soap of,
145,
note.
Beech, properties and uses of,
104.
Belus, Babylon built by,
48. Statue
of,
49.
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista,
22.
Pyramid penetrated by,
25.
Beni Hassan, tombs of,
48.
Berthier, on hydraulic cements,
94,
note.
Binding, connexion of materials by,
158.
Birch, properties, and uses made
of,
105.
Birds, preservation of,
145.
Bismuth, properties, and uses of,
99.
Bating in, in etching,
232.
Black dyes,
189. Fast colors in,.
191. Fugitive colors,
192.
Bleaching, the process of,
183.
Blue dyes,
185. Fast colors,
192.
Fugitive colors,
193.
Boards, used as writing materials,
195,
note.
Boiling and bucking, in bleaching,
183.
Bolting, the operation of,
157.
Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt,
22.
Bone, composition and uses of,
117.
Books, the gilding of,
177.
Boston, State House in,
264.
Boxwood, properties and uses of,
108,
238.
Bramante, St. Peter's church begun
by,
261.
Brass, composition of,
96. Extension
and compression of,
122.
Written upon,
195.
Brazil wood, colors from,
166,
188.
Brennus, burning of Rome by,
58.
Brick-making in Egypt,
34.
Bricks, written upon,
195.
Bridges of the Romans,
61.
Bronze, among the ancient Egyptians,
45. Composition of,
96.
Bruneleschi, dome built by,
261.
Bruyere, on an artificial puzzolana,
94,
note.
Bucking and boiling, in bleaching,
183.
Buckthorn, sap green from,
168.
Buffon, on felling trees,
136.
Building fires,
303,
314.
Buildings, origin of styles of,
252.
Elements of,
252. Foundations
of,
253. Columns of,
253.
Walls of,
254. Lintels,
256.
Arches of,
256. Abutments of,
259. Arcades,
259. Vaults,
259. Domes of,
259. Roofs of,
264. Styles of,
266. Definitions
respecting,
266. Measures
of,
268. Drawings of,
268.
Restorations of,
269. Egyptian
style of,
269; Chinese,
271;
Grecian,
272; Roman,
284;
Greco-Gothic,
292; Saracenic,
292; Gothic,
293.
See Architecture,
Houses, and Orders of
Architecture.
Bulk, limit of, in materials and
animals,
126.
Bunker Hill Monument,
85.
Bustrophedon, Greek and Irish,
194, and
194,
note.
Buttresses, explanation of,
265,
295. Flying,
297.
Cabillia, discoveries by,
25.
Cabinet-maker's tools among the
Egyptians,
42.
Cadmus, letters introduced by,
194.
Calico printing, described,
190.
Calicoes, first manufactured,
77.
Printing of, by cylinders,
77.
Calicut, calicoes introduced into
England from,
77.
Calmet, on the Jewish Tabernacle,
54.
Caloric, see Heat.
Cambyses, conqueror of Egypt,
29.
Camera obscura, invented,
76.
Canute, King of Denmark, body
of,
141.
Caoutchouc, extended use of,
81.
Its properties and uses, and the
mode of obtaining it,
112.
Cloths, &c,
113. Varnish from,
175.
Capital of a column,
266. Origin
of the Corinthian,
274,
note.
Capitol at Washington,
85,
263.
Carmine,
166.
Carnac, ruins of,
30.
Carriages, in Paris, in 1550,
75. In
England, in 1625,
75.
Carthamus tinctorius,
166.
Casting, union of metals by,
161.
In plaster,
245. Bronze,
247.
Casts, plaster,
245,
246. Preservation
of,
247,
note.
Catacombs, Egyptian,
32.
See
Tombs.
Catgut, preparation of,
144.
Cathedral, of Milan,
259,
263. St.
Paul's,
261. Strasburg,
263.
Pisa,
292. York,
296,
297. At
Ely,
300. Salisbury,
301.
Causes of loss of heat,
322.
Cavetto, a moulding,
268.
Caxton, printing in England by,
209.
Cedar, white,
107. Red,
107.
Cell of a Grecian temple,
275.
Cements, substances used for, in the
arts,
91; limestone,
91; puzzolana,
92; tarras and other cements,
93; maltha,
95. Application
of different kinds of,
159.
Centaurs, sculptures of,
272,
281.
Centre of a picture,
214.
Centring of an arch,
257.
Cerulin, a modification of indigo,
186.
Chalk, use of, in the arts,
87.
Lithographic,
241.
Chalk drawings, preparation for
lithographic,
240.
Champollion, M., hieroglyphics deciphered
by,
23,
194,
note.
Chancel, in architecture,
294.
Changing the color of material,
163; by applying superficial
color,
163; by changing intrinsic
color,
183.
Chanter and Gray, on the burning
of smoke,
329.
Charcoal, durability and use of,
138. Preparation of,
305.
Charlemagne, clock sent to,
73.
Cherry tree, properties and uses
of the wild,
103.
Chestnut, properties and uses of,
103.
Chiaro oscuro,
220; light and
shade,
220; association,
220;
direction of light,
221; reflected
light,
221; expression of shape,
222; eyes of a portrait,
222;
shadows,
224; aerial perspective,
224.
Chimneys, absence of, among the
Romans,
62. Introduced in
Italy and England,
74. Loss of
heat in,
322. Smoky,
326.
Damp,
326. Short,
327.
Chinese, arts of the,
68. Wall,
69.
Canal,
69. Buildings,
69. Inventions
claimed by the,
70,
73,
76,
210. Materials, tools, and
manufactures of the,
70. Style
of architecture,
271. Columns,
301.
Chloride of lime, used in bleaching,
183.
Chlorine, bleaching with,
183,
184.
Choir, in architecture,
294.
Choragic monument, of Lysicrates,
58,
283. Of Thrasyllus,
281.
Christians, place of the martyrdom
of,
60.
Churches, St. Paul's, in Boston,
85. St. Paul's, in London,
260,
261. St. Peter's,
261. Of St. Maria
del Fiore,
261. Of St. Genevieve,
262. St. Mark's,
262,
292. St. Paul's, at Rome,
300.
Cimon, Temple of Theseus erected
by,
279.
Cities and towns, Egyptian,
28,
33.
City Hall, at New York,
263.
Civilization, remarks on the progress
of, from barbarism,
14.
Early Egyptian,
48.
Clay,
90. Refractory,
91. In hydraulic
cements,
94,
note.
Clay models, in sculpture,
245.
Clocks, invention and early use of,
73. Moved by weights,
76.
Cloth, ancient Egyptian,
38,
40.
Bleaching,
183.
Coaches, three in Paris, in 1550,
75. In England, in 1625,
75.
Coal, composition of,
99. Its uses,
100. Anthracite,
100. On kindling,
303. Combustible matter
of,
304,
313. Grates for,
313.
Coke, preparation of,
100,
305.
Cold Air, admission of,
308,
311,
314.
Coliseum, built by Vespasian,
60.
Martyrdom of Christians in the
arena of the,
60. Material of
the,
83. Described,
263,
285.
Colonnade of the Louvre,
290,
note.
Color of materials, on changing
the,
163; by applying superficial
color,
163; by changing
intrinsic color,
183.
Colored engravings, execution of,
237.
Coloring substances,
164; blues,
164; reds,
165; yellows,
166;
greens,
167; browns,
168;
blacks,
168; whites,
169. Preparation
of,
169. Application
of,
170. Substantive and adjective,
184.
Colors, remarks on,
164. Water,
170. Fast,
191. Fugitive,
192.
The primary,
224. Mixed,
225.
Original and adventitious,
226.
Warm and cold,
226. Neutral,
227.
See Dyes.
Columns, among the ruins of Persepolis,
53. Around the Jewish
Tabernacle,
54. Monumental,
at Rome,
60. Trajan's,
60,
262. At St. Petersburgh,
84.
In buildings,
253. Definitions
of the several parts of,
266.
Mode of measuring,
266, Cuts
of,
267. Egyptian,
269. Cuts
of a series of,
297.
Combustible substances used in
the arts,
99; bitumen,
99; amber,
99; coal,
99; anthracite,
100; graphite,
101; peat,
101;
sulphur,
101.
See Coal and
Fuel.
Communication of heat,
306.
Composing, in printing,
202.
Composite order, in architecture,
59,
284.
Compositors, in printing,
201,
202.
Compression, on materials,
121,
122.
Constantine, triumphal arch of,
60,
289.
Contiguous doors cause smoke,
327.
Convex lenses, known about the
year 1100,
72.
Copper, properties of, and its uses
in the arts,
96. Extension of,
122. Sheathing of ships with,
131.
Copperplate engraving,
228,
229.
Printing,
236.
Corbel, definition of,
295.
Corinthian order in architecture,
58,
274. Popular in Rome,
285.
Cork, properties and uses of,
109.
Cornice, of a pedestal,
266. Of an
entablature,
267. Egyptian style
of,
270.
Correcting the press, meaning of,
with signs for,
203.
Corrosive sublimate, injection of
bodies with,
142.
Corsellis, printing in England by,
209.
Coster, invention of printing ascribed
to,
74. Facts as to,
209.
Cotton, fibres of,
38,
111. Egyptian
cloth from,
40. Hargreaves'
and Arkwright's machines for
spinning,
77. Properties and
gins for cleansing,
111.
Coverings of roofs,
85,
265.
Cradle, an engraving instrument,
233.
Crevices, loss of heat from,
323.
Crockets, in architecture,
295.
Crum, Mr. on cernlin,
186.
Cutting glass,
37. Materials,
149.
Cuttle fish, black liquid from,
169,
199.
Cymatium, a moulding,
268.
Cypress, properties and uses of,
107.
Daguerre, M., discovery of photography
by,
178.
Daguerreotype, account of the use
of the,
179.
Damp chimneys cause smoky
rooms,
326.
Danube, bridge over the,
61.
Dark Ages, arts of the,
72.
Date tree, ropes made from the,
41.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, on the Herculaneum
manuscripts,
197. On
the brilliancy of flames,
332.
Safety lamp of,
347.
Decomposition, see Preservation.
Definitions in perspective,
214. In
architecture,
266.
Demosthenes, Lantern of,
58,
283.'
Denon, monolithic temple engraving
by,
270.
Derbyshire Infirmary, ventilation
of the,
326.
Designing and painting, details respecting
the arts of,
211.
See
Painting.
Designs, oil paintings of,
173.
Detrusion in cutting,
149.
Diameters, measurement of columns
by,
266. Definition of,
268.
Diastyle intercolumniation,
277,
note.
Diocletian, the baths of,
62. Palace
of,
292,
300.
Diodorus, on the spire of Semira-mis,
27. On the Egyptian obelisks,
27. On working the gold
mines of Egypt,
46. Facts from,
respecting Nineveh,
49; respecting
works by Semiramis,
49,
50; in regard to the mountain
Bagisthan,
50.
Distance, in perspective,
212.
Points of,
215.
Distemper, painting in,
170. In
badigeon,
171.
Division of materials,
148; by
fracture,
148; by cutting,
149;
cutting and planing machines,
150; penetration,
150; boring
and drilling,
151; mortising,
151; turning,
152; attrition,
152; sawing,
152; crushing,
154; stamping,
154; grinding,
156.
Dobereiner, discovery by, in platinum,
350.
Domes,
259. Construction of,
260.
Of the Pantheon,
260,
262,
286. Of St. Paul's,
260,
261.
Of the Halle du Bled,
261. Plate
giving a comparative view of,
261. Of St. Peter's church,
261. Of the church of St. Maria
del Fiore,
261. Of the
church of St. Genevieve,
262.
Of the mosque of St. Sophia,
262. Of St. Mark's church,
at Venice,
262. Coverings for,
265. Of the Oriental mosques,
292.
Doors, contiguous, cause smoky
rooms,
327.
Doric order of architecture,
57,
272.
Dovetailing machines,
154.
Drawing, mode of lithographic,
241. Etching the,
242.
See Designing
and Painting.
Drawings, preparation for lithographic,
240. Of edifices,
268.
Drilling, process of,
151.
Dry rot,
135,
138. Antiseptics for,
139,
140.
Drying of paint,
172,
173.
Dryness, effect of, on organic substances,
133.
Duleau, on resistance to torsion,
126.
Dulong's chrome red,
165.
Durand, scale of buildings from,
263.
Dwellinghouses, commencement
of,
307.
See Houses.
Dyeing, among the Egyptians,
39.
Remarks on the art of,
184.
Dyes,
185. Blue,
185. Red,
186.
Yellow,
188. Black,
189.
See
Colors.
Earths, see Stones.
Echinus, a moulding,
268,
272.
Edelkrantz, lamps of,
336.
Eden, dry rot on the,
140,
note.
Edifices, drawings of,
268.
See
Architecture.
Edward I., of England, body of,
141.
Egypt, facts from Herodotus on,
22,
36. Travellers in,
22. Early
communication between Greece
and,
56.
Egyptian hieroglyphics,
22,
23,
194,
note. Arts,
22. Pyramids,
22,
23,
83,
263,
270. Architecture,
23,
269. Sphinxes,
25,
30,
270. Labyrinth,
26. Obelisks,
27,
35,
262. Cities and
towns,
28,
33. Houses,
29,
33. Tombs,
32. Sculpture,
32.
Mills,
34. Transporting of
weights,
34. Glass,
36. Linen,
38. Cotton cloth,
40. Woollen
manufactures,
40. Writing materials,
41,
195. Leather,
41.
Trades,
42. Furniture,
42.
Boats,
43. Dress,
44. Metals
and minerals,
45. Gold mines,
46. Civilization,
48.
Elasticity of materials,
121.
Elements of building,
252.
Elephant, in the ice of Siberia,
133.
Elephanta, excavation in,
50,
271.
Column from the cave of,
298.
Elevation of an edifice,
268.
Elgin marbles,
58,
272,
282,
note.
Elm, properties and uses of,
103.
Elmes, Mr., on Persian rites,
53.
On articles found at Herculaneum
and Pompeii,
63.
Embalming, origin of,
32. Facts
respecting,
141.
Eminences, neighboring, cause
smoky rooms,
328.
Engaged, definition of,
266.
England, houses in, before the
reign of Elizabeth,
74. First
paper mill in,
77. First newspaper
in,
77. Hats made in,
78.
Table-forks, first used in,
78.
Printing introduced into,
209.
Lighthouses in,
342.
Englefield, Sir H., process of, for
preparing lakes,
166.
English Mercurie, the earliest newspaper
published in England,
77.
Engraving, origin of,
76,
228.
Wood,
76,
238. On steel,
81,
237. Details respecting,
228.
Materials for,
229. Instruments
for,
229. Styles of,
229. Line,
230. By stippling,
231. By
etching,
231. In mezzo tinto,
233. In aqua tinta,
234. Medallic,
236. Execution of colored,
237. Gem,
250.
Entablature, defined,
267. Egyptian
style of,
270.
Entries, loss of heat by,
323.
Eolopile, invented by the ancients,
79.
Epistylium of the entablature,
267.
Erectheus, temple of,
58,
274,
282.
Essenay, cut of an Egyptian temple
at,
270.
Essential varnishes,
175.
Etching, in engraving,
231. In lithography,
242.
Eustyle intercolumniation,
277,
note.
Evans, Oliver, constructor of high-pressure
engines,
80.
Excavations,in Elephanta,
50,
271.
At Salsette,
51. Of Indur Subba,
51.
Expression of shape,
222.
Extension in materials,
121.
Façade of a building,
266.
Faraday, on caoutchouc,
113,
note.
Faust, invention of printing ascribed
to,
74. Accused of necromancy,
209.
Faustina, temple of,
268,
287.
Feathers and quills,
116.
Felling timber, hints on,
135.
Fibres of cotton and linen,
38,
111.
Of flax and hemp,
110.
Filtering stone, see Freestone.
Finsguerra, invention of engraving
on metal ascribed to,
76.
Fiore, church of St. Maria del,
261.
Fireplaces, description of,
308.
Pennsylvania,
309. Rumford,
310. Double,
310. Large and
smoky,
326. Opposite and
smoky,
328.
Fires, in the open air,
307. Open,
308. Modes of procuring,
349.
See Heat.
Fishes, preservation of,
145.
Fitch, John, steam-navigation tried
by,
80.
Flame, production of,
304. Support
of,
332. Transparency of,
340. Lamps without,
348.
Flax, preparation of,
40. Preparation
and uses of,
109. New
Zealand,
110.
Flues, hearing by,
318. Contiguous,
cause smoky rooms,
329.
Fluxes, meaning and uses of,
162.
Folding, union of plates by,
158.
Food, Appert's process of preserving,
146.
Forks, first used in England,
78.
Form of materials,
120,
127.
Printers',
203.
Foundations of buildings,
253.
Fracture, incipient or partial,
125.
Division of materials by,
148.
France, oils used there in lamps,
333.
Francestown, N.H., soapstone
quarry at,
86.
Franklin, Benjamin, his method
of copying writing,
199. On
the economy of fire,
309.
Franklin stoves,
309. Modern,
310,
note.
Freestone,
85. Capitol at Washington
built of,
85,
263.
French berries,
167,
189.
Fresco, paintings in,
172.
Frieze of an entablature,
267.
Fuel, heat from,
303. Weight of,
303. Combustible matter of,
304. Water in,
304.
Fugitive colors,
192. Thickened,
193.
Fulton, Robert, successful trial of
steam-navigation by,
80.
Fur, use of, in the arts,
115.
Furniture, Egyptian,
42. Roman,
found at Herculaneum and
Pompeii,
65.
Fustic, colors from,
188.
Gable end of a roof,
295.
Galileo, re-inventor of the telescope,
76.
Galls, used for dyes,
189.
Garnerin, descent of, in a parachute,
78.
Gas, made from coal,
100,
344.
Oil,
345.
Gas lights,
81,
343. Portable,
347.
Gauger, on passages for heated
air,
310,
note.
Gauls, Rome burnt by,
58.
Gay-Lussac,
184,
note. On woad,
186.
Gensfleisch, John, a printer,
209.
George III., at Birmingham,
18.
Gilding, the process of,
177.
Gins for cleansing cotton,
111.
Gioja, John de, invention of the
mariner's compass ascribed to,
73.
Girgenti, temple at,
278.
Glass,
17. Early manufacture and
use of, in Egypt,
36. At Pompeii,
62,
67. Among the Romans,
67. In England,
75.
Glass windows, ancient,
62,
75.
First used in England,
75.
Glue, among the Egyptians,
42.
Different kinds of,
118. Rice,
160. Remarks on,
160.
Glueing, union of materials by,
160.
Gold, uses of, among the ancient
Egyptians,
45. Statues of,
49,
249. Value of, in the arts,
97.
Preparation of shell,
178.
Goldbeaters' skin, manufacture of,
144. Applied to the Herculaneum
manuscripts,
197.
Goldsmiths invented engraving,
228.
Gothic architecture, rise of the,
72.
Style of,
293. Origin of the
name,
293. Principle of,
293.
Definitions in,
294. Remarks
on,
301.
Granite, use of, in the arts,
84.
Large masses of,
84. Crushing
of,
122.
Graphite, properties and uses of,
101.
Grates, coal,
313. Anthracite,
314. Burns's,
314.
Gravure en taille douce,
230.
Grecians, arts of the,
56. Their
architecture,
57,
272,
277.
Their sculpture,
58. Painting
and painters,
58. Bustrophedon
of the,
194. Pediment,
in the architecture of the,
262.
Account of their temples,
274.
Theatres of the, described,
277.
Their lamps,
334.
Greco-Gothic style of the leaning
tower of Pisa,
263. Remarks
on the style,
292,
300.
Greece, early communication between
Egypt and,
56.
Greens,
167. Mode of procuring,
190. Fast colors in,
192.
Greenstone, water cement from,
93.
Grindstone, see Freestone.
Groined vaults,
259,
295.
Ground, laying the, in aqua tinta
engraving,
234.
Ground color, in japanning,
175.
Gums, and their uses,
115.
Gunpowder,
17. The invention of,
70,
73.
Guttenberg, invention of printing
ascribed to,
74. Types used by,
209.
Gypsum, properties and uses of,
87,
207. Moulds made of,
246.
See Plaster.
Hair, use of, in the arts,
115.
Halle du Bled, dome of the,
261.
Hanging gardens of Babylon,
50.
Hanging of pictures,
340.
Hardness, of materials,
121. In
painting,
224.
Hargreaves, James, spinning-jenny
invented by,
77.
Harmony, in painting,
226.
Hawkins's polygraph,
200.
Heart wood of trees,
101.
Heat, production of,
303,
330.
Communication of,
306,
330.
Radiated and conducted,
306,
330. Retention of,
322,
330.
Heating, houses,
81. Art of,
303.
By air-flues,
318. By water,
320. By steam,
320.
Hebrews, arts of the,
54. Their
tabernacle,
54.
Hele, Peter, inventor of watches,
76.
Heliography, see Photography.
Hematin, the coloring principle of
logwood,
188.
Hemlock, properties and uses of,
106.
Hemp, properties and preparation
of,
109. Sisal,
110. Manilla,
110.
Herbarium of plants,
146.
Herculaneum and Pompeii, articles
found among the ruins of,
62,
63; statues,
63,
68; pictures,
64,
68; perishable substances,
64; kitchen furniture,
65; for
dress and ornament,
66; tools,
66; weights and measures,
66;
glass,
67; vases,
67; other
articles,
68. Paintings in fresco
found at,
172. Manuscripts,
196.
Hermopolis, temple of,
85.
Hero, use of steam by,
79. Fountain
of,
334.
Herodotus, facts from, on Egypt,
22,
36. On the Egyptian Labyrinth,
26.
Hesiod, books of, on lead,
195.
Hickory, properties and uses of,
102. A yellow dye,
188.
Hieroglyphics, Egyptian, Champollion's
discoveries in,
22,
23,
194,
note.
High-pressure engines, first construction
of,
80.
Hindoo architecture,
50,
271.
Hirtius, correspondence with, upon
plates of lead,
195.
Homberg's pyrophorus,
349.
Hooke, Dr., inventor of the spring
balance,
76. His theory of an
arch,
257.
Horizon, or horizontal plane,
214.
Horn, composition and uses of,
118.
Hornbeam, error respecting,
106.
Horseshoe arch,
258,
301.
House of Commons, ventilation of
the,
325.
Houses, Theban,
29. Egyptian,
33. Roman,
58,
59,
60. In
England, before the reign of
Elizabeth,
74. Heating,
81,
303,
318,
320. Coverings for
the roofs of,
85,
265. Commencement
of,
307.
See Architecture
and Buildings.
Hulls, Jonathan, steam-navigation
suggested by,
80.
Hunters, fire built by,
307.
Huygens, inventor of the spring
balance,
76.
Hydraulic cements,
92. In the
United Stales,
94. Explanation
of,
94.
Ichnographic projection,
218.
Ictinus built the Parthenon,
280.
Ilissus, temple on the,
274,
282.
Illumination, arts of,
331.
Imposing, in printing,
203.
India, subterraneous temples in,
50,
271,
298.
India rubber, extended use of,
81.
See Caoutchouc.
India rubber cloths,
113.
Indigo, properties, preparation,
and use of,
165,
185,
192.
Indur Subba, excavation of,
51.
Ink, Indian,
169. Ancient and
modern,
199. Printer's,
206.
Lithographic,
240,
241. Lithographic
printing,
243.
Ink drawings, preparation for lithographic,
240.
Insertion, union of materials by,
157.
Instrumental perspective,
216.
Instruments for engraving,
229.
Intercolumniation, arrangements
of,
277,
note.
Interlocking, union of materials by,
158.
Interposition, union of materials by,
158.
Intrinsic color, on changing,
183.
Ionic order of architecture,
58,
273.
Irish bustrophedon,
194,
noteIron, introduction of, into Egypt,
45. Properties of, and its uses
in the arts,
95. Extension and
compression of,
122. Rusted,
131.
Isometrical perspective,
219.
Israelites, see Hebrews.
Ivory, 117. A writing material,
195,
note. Statues of,
249.
Labor-saving machinery,
81.
Labyrinth, the Egyptian,
26.
Lac, the basis of sealing wax,
114.
Remarks on,
174.
Lamps, Argand,
81,
338. Remarks
on,
333. Roman and
Grecian,
334. Astral and sinumbral,
334,
341. Hydrostatic,
334. Automaton,
336.
Mechanical,
336. Pressure,
337. Fountain,
337. Submarine,
338. Spirit,
339. Reflectors
to,
339. Safety,
347.
Without flame,
348.
Lantern, of Demosthenes,
58,
274,
283. In Architecture,
294.
Of lighthouses,
342.
Lapithse, sculptures of,
272,
281.
Larch, properties and uses of,
107.
Large fireplaces, smoky,
326.
Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci,
251,
note.
Lateral and transverse strain,
121,
123.
Laying the ground, in aqua tinta
engraving,
234.
Lead, properties and uses of,
96.
Black,
101. Extension and
compression of,
122. Red,
165. White,
169. Chromate
of,
190. Written upon,
195.
Leaning tower of Pisa,
263.
Leather, Egyptian,
41. Tanning,
142. Currying,
143. Tawing,
143.
Leaves, writing materials,
195.
Lehigh coal, 304.
Leprince, inventor of engraving in
aqua tinta,
235.
Letters, knowledge before the invention
of,
193. Invention of,
194. Arrangement of,
194.
In a
bill of types,
201.
Light, decomposing power of,
178,
181. Direction of, in
painting,
221. Reflected,
221.
Hydro-oxygen,
339. Measurement
of,
341. Brande on,
346.
Modes of procuring,
349.
Lignumvitæ, properties and uses
of,
108.
Lime, made from chalk,
88.
Mode of obtaining,
91. Chloride
of, used in bleaching,
183.
Cream of,
344.
Limestone, use of, in Egypt,
34.
Cement from,
91.
Limit of bulk in materials and animals,
126.
Line, horizontal, in perspective,
214. Ground,
215. Perpendicular,
215.
Linen, manufacture of, in Egypt,
38. The fibres of,
38. A writing
material,
195,
note.
Linking, union of materials by,
158.
Lithography,
81. Principles and
origin of,
239. Stones for,
239.
Preparation of the stones for,
240. Ink and chalk used in,
240,
241. Mode of drawing
in,
241. Etching the stone for,
242. Printing,
242. Printing
ink for,
243. Remarks on,
243.
Local color, in painting,
226.
Locked up, meaning of, among
printers,
203.
Locking and locks, the principle
of,
159.
Locust, properties and uses of,
103.
Lolling chairs, Egyptian,
42.
Lomazzo, Paolo, on Bagisthan,
50.
London, pavement of the streets
of,
75.
Looking-glasses, the silvering of,
97.
Lussac, Gay,
184,
note. On woad,
186.
Luxor, the temple of,
29. Columns
at,
298.
Lysicrates, Choragic monument
of,
58,
274,
283.
McAdam roads,
81. Flint used
for,
88.
Machine printing,
81,
207.
Machinery, improvements in, in
the nineteenth century,
81.
Machines, cutting,
150. Planing,
150. Copying,
199.
Madder, value of, for dyeing,
186.
Magnetism,
17.
See Mariner's
compass.
Mahogany, properties and uses of,
108. Compression of,
122.
Maison carrée at Nismes,
287.
Malleability of materials,
121.
Manganese, properties and uses of,
99.
Manuscripts, Herculaneum,
196.
Maple, properties and uses of,
104. Colors from the,
189.
Marble,
82. Properties of,
83;
works of,
83. Compression of,
122. Sawing,
154. Execution
of statues in,
248.
Marcellus, theatre of;
284.
Maria del Fiore, St.,
261.
Mariner's compass, invention of
the,
17,
70,
73.
Marselle, Girard de, lamps of,
335.
Martyrdom of Christians, in the
Coliseum,
60.
Materials, from the mineral kingdom,
used in the arts,
82;
stones and earths,
82; cements,
91; metals,
95; combustible
substances,
99. From the vegetable
kingdom,
101. From the
animal kingdom,
115. Form and
strength of,
120; modes of estimation,
120; stress and strain;
120; resistance,
121; extension,
121; compression,
122;
lateral strain,
123; stiffness,
123; tubes,
124; strength,
124; place of strain,
125; incipient
fracture,
125; shape of
timber,
125; torsion,
125;
limit of bulk,
126; practical remarks,
126. Preservation of,
130; of stones,
130; of metals,
130; of organic substances,
132; of timber,
137; of animal
textures,
140; of specimens
in natural history,
145; Appert's
process,
146. Modes of
dividing,
148; of uniting,
157.
Changing the color of,
163; by
applying superficial color,
163;:
by changing intrinsic color,
183.
Ancient writing,
195. For engraving,
229. For sculpture,
249.
Matrix, in type-moulds,
201.
Measurement of light,
341.
Measures, of the ancients,
66.
Architectural,
268.
Mechanical perspective,
216.
Mechanical powers, knowledge of,
in Egypt,
35,
36.
Mercury, properties and uses of,
97.
Metal, an ancient writing material,
195.
Metallic sheets on roofs,
265.
Metals, Egyptian,
45. Modern
operations in the manufacture
of,
78. Used in the arts,
95
iron,
95; copper,
96; lead,
96; tin,
97; mercury,
97;
gold,
97; silver,
97; platinum,
98; palladium,
98; zinc,
98;
nickel,
98; antimony,
99; cobalt,
99; bismuth,
99; arsenic,
99; manganese,
99. Extension
and compression of,
122. Preservation
of,
130. Stamping,
mills for,
154. Welding,
160.
Soldering,
161. Brazing,
161.
Casting,
161.
Mezzotinto engraving,
76,
233.
Mica,
84. Use of, in the arts,
86.
Middle Ages, arts of the,
72.
Milan, cathedral of,
259,
263.
Mills, Egyptian,
34. Used in procuring
gold,
47. Saw,
153.
Stamping,
154. Bark,
155.
Oil,
155. Sugar,
155. Cider,
156. Grist,
156. Color,
157.
Mineral kingdom, materials used
in the arts, taken from the,
82;
stones and earths,
82; cements,
91; metals,
95; combustible
substances,
99. Dyeing colors
from the,
190.
Mineral yellow, patent,
167.
Minerals and metals, Egyptian,
45.
Minerva, architecture of the temple
of, at Athens,
57,
262,
273,
280. Statue of,
249. Façade of
the temple of,
280; sculptures
on it,
281. See Parthenon.
Minerva Polias, temple of,
282,
note.
Mines, people condemned to the,
in ancient Egypt,
46.
Minute of a diameter,
268.
Mirrors, Egyptian,
44. The silvering
of,
97.
Modelling objects in sculpture,
245.
Modena, correspondence on lead
at the siege of,
195.
Modern times, arts of,
74.
Moderns, see Ancients.
Modes of estimating the strength
of materials,
120.
Module of a diameter,
268.
Montgolfier, invention of balloons
by,
78.
Mordants, in use among the Egyptians,
39. Meaning of,
184. In
calico printing,
190.
Mortar, seldom used by the Grecians,
57,
See Cements.
Mortises for trussing,
265.
Mortising,
151. Union of materials
by,
158.
Moscow, riding house at,
264,
note.
Mosques, of St. Sophia,
90,
262.
Domes of,
90,
262,
292. Of
Achmet,
292,
293.
Mouldings, in architecture,
268.
Moulds, for casting,
162. Used by
sculptors,
245. Formation of,
246. For bronze statues,
248.
Muller, in color mills,
157.
Mummies in Egypt,
32,
133.
Musical instruments, Egyptian,
44.
Mylassa, sepulchre at,
289.
Nankin, Porcelain Tower of,
76.
Naphtha, meaning of,
99. Used
in street lamps,
333.
Natural history, preservation of
specimens of,
133,
142,
145.
Nave, in architecture,
294.
Necromancy, Faust accused of,
209.
Needles, used by the Egyptians,
44.
Neighboring eminences cause smoky
rooms,
328.
Nero, the golden house built by,
59; demolished,
60. Conflagration
in the reign of,
62.
Newcomen, Thomas, atmospheric
engine constructed by,
79.
Newspaper, the earliest in England,
77.
Newton, Isaac, on color,
225.
New York, city hall at,
263.
Nicholson, on the angle in cutting,
149.
Niepce, experiments by,
179.
Nimrod, Babylon built by,
48.
Nineteenth century, arts of the,
80.
Nineveh, foundation and extent of,
49.
Ninus, temple built by,
49. Founded
Nineveh,
49. Statue of,
49.
Nismes, Maison carrée at,
287.
Non-condensing steam-engines,
first constructed,
80.
Nuremberg, the first paper-mill,
established at,
77.
Pæstum, ruins of,
83. Temple at,
278.
Paint, preserves wood,
138. Drying
of,
172,
173.
See Pigments.
Painting, and painters of Greece,
58. Oil,
75,
172. Object of,
164,
173. In distemper,
170.
Fresco,
172. Encaustic,
172.
Details respecting, and designing,
211. Perspective in,
211.
Chiaro oscuro in,
220. Coloring
in,
224. Remarks on,
227.
Paintings, Roman, found at Herculaneum,
64. Hanging of,
340.
Palamedes, letters introduced by,
194.
Pandroseum, a portico,
274,
282.
Pantheon at Rome,
59,
285. Columns
of the,
84. Dome and
walls of the,
260,
262. Cut of
the,
286.
Paper, ancient Egyptian,
41,
195.
Invention and introduction of
cotton and linen,
76. Rice,
154,
196,
note. Flock, or cloth,
171.
From the papyrus,
196. Facts
respecting,
198. For drawing,
230.
Paper mills, the first,
77.
Pappenheirn, quarries near,
240.
Papyrus, use and manufacture of
paper from the,
41,
195. Manuscripts
on, found at Herculaneum,
196.
Parachute, known to jugglers in
India,
78.
Parchment, preparation of,
144.
First use of
198.
Parian marble, statues of,
84.
Paris, paved,
75. Built with calcareous
stone,
83.
Paris, plaster of, see Gypsum.
Parrhasius, a Grecian painter,
58.
Parthenon, architecture of the,
57,
262,
273,
280. Elgin marbles
from the,
58,
272,
282,
note.
Copied,
264. Façade of the,
280. Account of the,
280.
Patent mineral yellow,
167.
Pavements, ancient and modern,
61,
75. Wooden,
81.
Pedestal, definition of,
266.
Pediment, Grecian,
262. Definition
of,
267.
Pekin, imperial palace at,
70.
Pencils, black lead,
101.
Penetration of bodies,
150.
Pennsylvania, fireplaces,
309.
Pericles, the Parthenon built in the
time of,
58. Perfection of architecture
in the time of,
277.
The Propylæa built in the time
of,
280.
Peripteral temples,
276,
277.
Perkins, lock invented by,
159.
Steel engraving by,
237. On
heating by water,
320.
Persepolis, ruins of,
52. Style of
architecture at,
298.
Persians, arts of the,
52.
Persimmon, properties and uses of,
105.
Personal ornaments, Egyptian,
44.
Roman,
66.
Perspective, definition of,
211.
Field of vision in,
212. Distance
and foreshortening,
212.
Definitions,
214. Instrumental,
216. Mechanical,
216. Perspectographs
for,
217. Projections,
218. Isometrical,
219.
Aerial,
224.
Perspective of a building,
268.
Peter the Great, pedestal of the
equestrian statue of,
84.
Petra, facts respecting,
71.
Petroleum, meaning of,
99.
Phidias, sculpture of,
58. Works
of,
249. Perfection of architecture
in his time,
277. Sculptures
supposed to be by,
280.
Philosophy, application of, to the
arts, among the moderns,
16;
fruitfulness of the theme,
17.
Phosphoric fire bottles,
349.
Phosphorus, properties and uses
of,
119,
349.
Photography, discovered by Daguerre,
178. Arago's account
of,
179. Anticipated improvements
in,
180. The degree of
its perfection,
181. Expense of,
182.
Pictures, hanging of,
340.
See
Paintings.
Pigments, arsenic the basis of,
99.
Remarks on,
164. Preparation
of,
169. Application of,
170.
See Coloring substances, Colors,
and Paintings.
Pilasters, definition of,
266.
Pillars,
84,
253. Monumental Roman,
285. Gothic,
295.
Pine, properties and uses of the,
106.
Pins, used by the Egyptians,
44.
Pisa, leaning tower of,
263,
292.
Place of strain, in bars,
125.
Plants, preservation of,
146.
Plaster casts,
245. Varnish for,
246,
note. Preservation of,
247,
note.
Plaster moulds for objects in sculpture,
245. Formation of,
246.
Plaster of Paris, see Gypsum.
Plates of metal, anciently written
upon,
195.
Platinum, value of, in the arts,
98.
Plinth, definition of,
266.
Pliny, on obelisks,
27. On the
preparation of flax,
40.
Plumbago, properties and uses of,
101.
Points, of view,
214. Of sight,
214.
Of distance,
215. Vanishing,
216. Dry,
229.
Polishing, remarks on,
97,
176.
Polygraph, Hawkins's,
200.
Pompadour, fast color,
191.
Pompeii, see Herculaneum.
Poplar, error respecting,
104.
Porcelain Tower of Nankin,
70.
Porta, John Baptista, invented the
camera obscura,
76.
Portable gas lights,
347.
Porter's automaton lamp,
336.
Porticos, Chinese,
271. Of the
Temple of the Sun,
290.
Portland stone,
83. Compression
of,
122.
Post, king,
265. Queen,
265.
Posticus of Grecian temples,
275.
Praxiteles, sculpture of,
58.
Preparation of coloring substances,
169.
Preservation, of materials,
130.
Of stones,
130. Of metals,
130.
Of organic substances,
132. Of
timber,
137. Of animal textures,
140. Of specimens in
natural history,
145. Of food,
146. Of plaster casts,
247,
note.
Press, correcting the,
203. Printing,
206.
Priestley, Joseph, on instrumental
perspective,
216.
Priming, for japanning,
175.
Principal visual ray,
214.
Printing,
17. The basis of modern
civilization and intelligence,
74. Invention of,
74. Calicoes,
77,
190. By machinery,
81,
207. The arts of writing and,
considered,
193. Details respecting,
200. History of,
208.
Introduced into England,
209.
Copperplate,
236. Chemical,
239. Lithographic,
242.
Printing ink, lithographic,
243.
Procuring light, modes of,
349.
Production of heat,
303.
See Heat.
Projections of a body,
218.
Pronaos of Grecian temples,
275.
Proofs, meaning of,
203. Signs
for correcting,
204.
Pseudo-dipteral temples,
276.
Pulpitum, in the theatre,
277.
Purple, fast,
191. Fugitive,
192.
Puteoli, puzzolana found at,
93.
Putty, for polishing,
97. For cement,
160.
Pycnostyle intercolumniation,
277,
note.
Pyramids, the Egyptian,
22,
23,
48. Materials of the,
83. Outline
of one of the,
263. Peculiarly
Egyptian,
270.
Pyrophorus. Homberg's,
349.
Rabbeting, union of materials by,
158.
Raffaelli, Last Supper executed under
the direction of,
251,
note.
Rail-roads, and rail-ways, the first
steam-carriage on,
80.
Rameses, the obelisks of,
27.
Ravenna, Tomb of Theodoric at,
83.
Rays of light, decomposition by,
178,
181.
Red, cedar,
107. Lead,
165
Ochre,
166. Dyes,
186,
191,
192.
Reds,
165. Fast,
191. Fugitive,
192.
Reflectors for lamps,
339.
Reid, ventilation by,
325.
Relief, meaning of,
220. The varieties
of,
245.
Rennie, experiments by, on the
extension of materials,
122.
Reptiles, preservation of,
145.
Reservoirs of oil, in lamps,
333.
Resins, employed in the arts,
114.
Resistance, dry rot on the,
140,
note.
Resistance of materials,
121.
Restorations, in architecture,
269.
Retention of heat,
322. See Heat.
Reverberating furnaces,
315.
Rhus, copallinum,
174. Vernix,
175.
Rice paper,
154,
196,
note.
Riding, Roman,
63. Riding carriages
and, in France, in 1550,
75; in England, in 1625,
75.
Roads, Roman,
61. McAdam,
81,
88.
Robison, on the strain of materials,
120. On resistance to torsion,
126.
Roller gin, for cleansing cotton,
111.
Roman, arts,
58. Houses,
58,
62. Architecture,
59,
284,
285.
Temples and triumphal arches,
60,
285,
289. Monumental columns,
60,
285. Roads,
61.
Bridges,
61. Aqueducts,
61,
285. Baths,
62,
285. Riding,
63. Statuary, implements, &c,
found at Pompeii,
63. Cements,
92,
94. Structures,
285.
Lamps,
334.
See Temples.
Roman Doric order of architecture,
284.
Roman Ionic order of architecture,
284.
Romanesque architecture,
292.
Rome, Egyptian obelisks in,
27.
Burnt,
58,
62.
Roofs, coverings for,
85,
265.
Different kinds of,
264. Egyptian,
269. Chinese,
271.
Rooms, smoky,
326. Close,
327.
Ropes,made from the date-tree,
41.
Rotting hemp and flax,
109.
Rouen, triumphal entry of Charles
VII. into,
78.
Rozier, Pilatre de, the first aeronaut,
78.
Rumford, Count,
309. Angle in
fireplaces recommended by,
310.
Principle of, for lamps,
334.
On the brilliancy of flame,
340.
Rurnsey, James, steam navigation
tried by,
80.
Runner stones, in barkmills,
155.
Rupert, Prince, mezzotinto engraving
by,
76,
233.
Saffron, various colors from,
189.
Sagging of the tie beam,
265.
St. Genevieve's church,
262.
St. Maria del Fiore, church of,
261.
St. Mark's church,
262,
292.
St. Paul's church, in London,
dome of,
260,
261.
St. Paul's church, at Rome,
300.
St. Peter's church, at Rome,
261.
St. Petersburgh, columns at,
84.
St. Sophia, dome of the mosque
of,
90,
262.
Salisbury cathedral,
301.
Salona, palace at,
292,
300.
Salsette, excavations in the island
of,
51,
271.
Salt, preservation of wood with,
139. Bleaching,
183.
Sand, used in the arts,
89. In
mortar,
91.
Sap, the getting rid of,
136,
137.
Sap wood, or alburnum,
101.
Saracenic architecture, rise of the,
72. Style of,
292.
Sarcophagi, in Egypt,
24,
32.
Preservation of the,
133.
Savery, Thomas, steam apparatus
of,
79.
Savin, error respecting,
107.
Saw-gin, for cleansing cotton,
111.
Sawing, division of materials by,
152.
Saws, mill,
152. Circular,
153.
Scenographic projection,
218.
Schoeffer, Peter, types first cast
by,
209.
Schoengaur, invention of engraving
on metal ascribed to,
76.
Schwartz, supposed to be the inventor
of gunpowder,
73.
Sciences, use of the word,
13.
Connexion of, with the arts,
13;
their comparative connexion in
ancient times and modern,
14.
Scraper, for engraving,
229.
Sculpture, Egyptian,
32. Grecian,
58. Details respecting,
244.
Practice of,
248. Materials for,
249. Objects of,
249.
See
Statues.
Sealing wax, composition of,
160.
Seasoning timber,
136,
137.
Section, definition of,
268.
Seguier, on the temple at Nismes,
288,
note.
Semiramis, obelisks of,
27. Works
executed by,
49. Statue of,
49.
Works by, on the mountain
Bagisthan,
50. Rock brought
from the mountains by,
270.
Sepulchre of Amasis,
25. At Mylassa,
289.
Serpentine, use of, in building,
87.
Sesostris, the obelisks of,
27.
Shades, in colored paintiags,
225.
Glass,
340.
Shadows, in chiaro oscuro,
224.
Shape, expression of,
222.
Shell,
117. Tortoise,
118.
Shell gold, the preparation of,
178.
Ships, sheathing of,
131.
Siberia, elephant found in,
133.
Sienna, burnt,
166. Terra di,
167.
Signatures, in printing,
203.
Silliman, Prof., on gases,
344.
Silver, value of, in the arts,
97.
Simonides, letters introduced by,
194.
Sinkicien, pagoda at,
271.
Sinumbral lamp,
334,
341.
Size, a kind of glue,
118.
Skins,
115,
142. See Leather.
Slate, use of, in the arts,
85. Mica,
86. Polishing,
90. On roofs,
265.
Soap, arsenical, of Becosur,
145,
note.
Soapstone, use of, in the arts,
86,
312. Quarries of,
86.
Solenhofen, quarries of,
240.
Soul, Egyptian belief respecting
the,
32.
Souring, in bleaching,
183.
Spalatro, temple and palace at,
292,
300.
Spar, fluor,
88. Derbyshire,
88.
Spelter, properties and uses of,
98.
Spencer, A., medallic engraving
invented by,
236.
Sphinxes, the Egyptian,
25,
30,
270. Persian,
52.
Spinning jenny, by Hargreaves,
77.
By Arkwright,
77.
Spire, definition of,
294. Gothic,
302.
Spirit of turpentine,
112.
Spring balance,invention of the,
76.
Springing lines of arches,
258.
Spruce, properties and uses of,
106.
Stage-coaches, introduced in England,
75.
Starch, manufacture of,
114. Indigo
reduced by,
165.
State House, in Boston,
264.
Statues, of Memnon,
33. Grecian,
58. Found at Herculaneum
and Pompeii,
63. Materials of,
84. Equestrian, of Peter the
Great,
84. Execution of, in
marble,
248. Used instead of
columns,
274,
282. Equestrian,
280. Among the Elgin marbles,
282.
See Sculpture.
Steam, ancient knowledge of the
power of,
79. Heating by,
81,
320.
Steam-carriage, the first, on a railway,
80.
Steam-engine,
18. History of the
invention of the,
79.
Steam-navigation, early history of,
80.
Steam printing presses,
208.
Steam-vessels, the first which
crossed the Atlantic,
80.
Steel,
95. Extension of,
122.
Steel-engraving,
81. Process of,
237.
Steeping, in bleaching,
183.
Steeple, definition of,
294.
Stephens, cited respecting Thebes,
29.
Stereotyping,
81. Details respecting,
206.
Stiffness of materials,
121,
123.
Stones, earths and, used as materials
in the arts,
82; marble,
82;
granite,
84; sienite,
85; freestone,
85; slate,
85; mica,
86;
mica slate,
86; soapstone,
86;
serpentine,
87; gypsum,
87;
alabaster,
87; chalk,
87; fluor
spar,
88; flint,
88; porphyry,
88; buhrstone,
88; novaculite,
88; precious stones,
89; emery,
89; sand,
89; pumice,
90;
tufa,
90; peperino,
90; tripoli,
90;. clay,
90; asbestos,
91.
Preservation of,
130. Anciently
written upon,
195. Lithographic,
239.
Stopped out, in engraving,
232,
235.
Stoves, Franklin,
309,
310,
note.
Holland,
315. Russian,
316.
Thermometer,
317.
Strabo,
27. On the Temple of
Apollo Didymasus,
282.
Strain and stress of materials,
120.
Lateral and transverse,
121,
123. Place of,
125.
Strasburg, steeple of the Gothie
cathedral at,
263.
Strength, modes of estimating the,
in materials,
120, Remark on,
121. Of beams,
124,
127.
Stress and strain of materials,
120.
Stucco work, gypsum used for,
87.
Stump, used with crayons,
170.
Styles, of engraving,
229. Of
building,
266. Egyptian,
269.
Hindoo,
271. Chinese,
271.
Grecian,
272. Roman,
284.
Greco-Gothic,
292. Saracenic,
292. Gothic,
293.
See Architecture
and Buildings.
Stylus, the Roman,
195,
198.
Subjects of sculpture,
244.
Subterraneous temples in India,
50,
271,
298.
Summer-strained oil,
333,
note.
Sun, decomposing power of the
rays of the,
178,
181. Temple
of the,
290.
Superficial color, on applying,
163.
Surbase of a pedestal,
266.
Surgeons' instruments, found at
Heroulaneum and Pompeii,
66.
Systyle intercolumniation,
277,
note.
Tabernacle, the Jewish,
54.
Table-forks, first used in England,
78.
Taisnier, on diving-bells at Toledo,
79.
Talbot, experiments by,
179,
182.
Tanning, pods of the Acacia Nilotica
used for,
41. Process of,
142.
Tartars lived in tents,
271.
Telescope, invented,
74,
76.
Temperature, influence of, on organic
substances,
132,
133.
Temples, Egyptian,
25,
29,
270.
Of Luxor and Carnac,
29,
30.
Of Jupiter,
49,
292. Subterraneous,
in India,
50,
271,
298.
Solomon's,
55. Windows in
the,
55. Of Minerva,
57,
262,
273,
280,
281. Of Erectheus,
58,
273,
274,
282. Of
Hermopolis,
85. Of Vesta, at
Tivoli,
262,
28fi. On the Ilissus,
262,
274,
282. Of Antoninus
and Faustina,
268,
287.
At Essenay,
270. Of Latona,
270. Of Theseus,
273,
279.
Account of Grecian,
274. At
Pæstum,
278. Of Concord,
278. Of Apollo Didymæus,
282.
Of Minerva Polias,
282,
note.
At Nismes,
287. At Pola, in
Istria,
288. Of the Sun,
290.
Circular, at Balbec,
290.
Tent, the elementary feature in
Chinese architecture,
271.
Terra, di sienna,
166,
167. Verte,
168.
Textures, preservation of animal,
140.
Theatres, ancient,
277,
285.
Thebes, account of,
28. Stephens
cited respecting,
29. Columns
at,
298.
Theodoric, tomb of,
83. Illiterate,
198,
note.
Theseus, temple of,
273,
279.
Arch of,
288.
Thrasyllus, monument of,
281.
Timber, shape of,
125. Decay
of,
134. Felling,
135. Seasoning,
136. Preservation of,
137. Charring,
138. Impregnation
of,
138. Effect of salt
on,
139. Docking,
139. Other
antiseptics for,
140.
Tin, properties and uses of,
97.
Extension and compression of,
122.
Tingry, recipe by,
171,
note.
Tints, in paintings,
225.
Tivoli, temple at,
262,
288.
Tombs, ancient Egyptian,
32. Of
Beni Hassan,
48. Objects
found in the ancient Grecian,
57. Of Theodoric, at Ravenna,
83.
Tools, Egyptian,
42. Temper in,
149.
Torsion, on resisting,
126.
Tower, definition of,
294.
Tracing paper,
230,
note.
Trajan, the column of,
60,
262.
Bridge built by,
61. Petra conquered
by,
71. Arch of,
290.
Transept, in architecture,
294.
Transparency of flame,
340.
Transporting weights, Egyptian
mode of,
34.
Transverse strain,
121,
123.
Travellers into Egypt,
56.
Tredgold, Mr.,
122,
124,
note,
322.
Trees, see Timber.
Treussart, on cements,
94,
note.
Trevithick and Vivian,
80.
Triumphal arches,
60,
285,
289.
Turpentine,
112. Bodies preserved
with the oil of,
142.
Tuscan order of architecture,
284.
Tympanum of a pediment,
267.
Type-metal, antimony in,
99,
200.
Types, manufacture of,
200. Case
for,
201.
Bill of,
201. Sizes
of,
201. First cast,
209.
Tyrians, alliance of the Jews with,
in building the Temple,
55.
Walls, of buildings,
254. Of the
Pantheon,
260. Egyptian style
of,
269. Of Gothic churches,
294.
Walnut, properties and uses of,
102. Black,
105. A yellow
dye,
188.
Warming houses,see Heating.
Washington, Capitol at,
85,
263.
Water, preservation of wood under,
133,
134. In fuel,
304.
Heating by,
320.
Water cements,
92. In United
States,
94. Explanation of,
94.
Water spinning frame,
77.
Watt, James, improvements in the
steam-engine by,
80. Copying
machine of,
200.
Wax,
119. Used in writing,
195.
Weights, Egyptian mode of transporting,
34. Ancient,
66.
White, arsenic,
99. Wood,
104,
Pine,
106. Cedar,
107. Lead,
169.
Whitney, Eli, inventor of the cotton-gin,
111.
Wilford, Captain, on the Egyptian
Labyrinth,
26.
William the Conqueror,
141.
Windows, in ancient temples,
55.
Roman,
62,
75. Gothic,
295.
Loss of heat through,
323.
Winds, Tower of the,
284.
Winter-strained oil,
333,
note.
Wire-drawing, invention of,
78.
Wollaston, eyes in a portrait,
223.
Experiments on colors by,
225,
note.
Wood, description of,
101. Preservation
of, under water,
133.
Green and dry,
305.
See
Timber.
Wood-engraving, invention of,
76.
Execution of,
238.
Wool, growth and use of,
116.
Woollen manufactures of the Egyptians,
40.
Worcester, Marquis of,
79.
Wren, Sir Christopher, St. Paul's
cathedral erected by,
261.
Names the Gothic architecture,
293.
Writing, materials for, among the
ancients,
41,
195. Instruments,
for,
198. Inks for,
199. Copying
machines,
199.
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